{"id":18720,"date":"2020-12-18T00:27:24","date_gmt":"2020-12-18T00:27:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/evaggelatos.com\/?p=18720"},"modified":"2020-12-18T00:27:39","modified_gmt":"2020-12-18T00:27:39","slug":"h-ivermectin-%ce%ad%ce%bd%ce%b1-%ce%b1%ce%bd%cf%84%ce%b9%cf%80%ce%b1%cf%81%ce%b1%cf%83%ce%b9%cf%84%ce%b9%ce%ba%cf%8c-%ce%b5%ce%bc%cf%80%ce%bf%ce%b4%ce%af%ce%b6%ce%b5%ce%b9-%cf%84%ce%b7%ce%bd-%ce%b5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/evaggelatos.com\/?p=18720","title":{"rendered":"H Ivermectin  \u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc, \u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u03be\u03ac\u03c0\u03bb\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 COVID 19"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 id=\"screen-reader-main-title\" class=\"Head u-font-serif u-h2 u-margin-s-ver\"><span class=\"title-text\">The FDA-approved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 <em>in vitro<\/em><\/span><\/h1>\n<div id=\"banner\" class=\"Banner\">\n<div class=\"wrapper truncated\">\n<div class=\"AuthorGroups text-xs\">\n<div id=\"author-group\" class=\"author-group\"><span class=\"sr-only\">Author links open overlay panel<\/span><a class=\"author size-m workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#!\" name=\"bau1\"><span class=\"content\"><span class=\"text given-name\">Leon<\/span><span class=\"text surname\">Caly<\/span><span id=\"baff1\" class=\"author-ref\"><sup>a<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"author size-m workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#!\" name=\"bau2\"><span class=\"content\"><span class=\"text given-name\">Julian D.<\/span><span class=\"text surname\">Druce<\/span><span id=\"baff1\" class=\"author-ref\"><sup>a<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"author size-m workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#!\" name=\"bau3\"><span class=\"content\"><span class=\"text given-name\">Mike G.<\/span><span class=\"text surname\">Catton<\/span><span id=\"baff1\" class=\"author-ref\"><sup>a<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"author size-m workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#!\" name=\"bau4\"><span class=\"content\"><span class=\"text given-name\">David A.<\/span><span class=\"text surname\">Jans<\/span><span id=\"baff2\" class=\"author-ref\"><sup>b<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"author size-m workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#!\" name=\"bau5\"><span class=\"content\"><span class=\"text given-name\">Kylie M.<\/span><span class=\"text surname\">Wagstaff<\/span><span id=\"baff2\" class=\"author-ref\"><sup>b<\/sup><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><a class=\"author size-m workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#!\" name=\"bau5\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div id=\"social\" class=\"Social u-display-inline-block\">\n<div id=\"social-popover\" class=\"popover social-popover\" aria-label=\"Share article on social media\">\n<div id=\"popover-trigger-social-popover\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"export-citation\" class=\"ExportCitation u-display-inline-block\">\n<div id=\"export-citation-popover\" class=\"popover export-citation-popover\" aria-label=\"Export or save citation\">\n<div id=\"popover-trigger-export-citation-popover\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"doi-link\" class=\"DoiLink\"><a class=\"doi\" title=\"Persistent link using digital object identifier\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104787\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"Persistent link using digital object identifier\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104787<\/a><a class=\"rights-and-content\" href=\"https:\/\/s100.copyright.com\/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=ELS&amp;contentID=S0166354220302011&amp;orderBeanReset=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Get rights and content<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"LicenseInfo\">\n<div class=\"License\">Under a Creative Commons <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">license<\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"OpenAccessLabel\">open access<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section class=\"ReferencedArticles\"><\/section>\n<section class=\"ReferencedArticles\"><\/section>\n<div class=\"PageDivider\"><\/div>\n<div id=\"abstracts\" class=\"Abstracts u-font-serif\">\n<div id=\"abs0015\" class=\"abstract author-highlights\" lang=\"en\">\n<h2 class=\"section-title u-h3 u-margin-l-top u-margin-xs-bottom\">Highlights<\/h2>\n<div id=\"abssec0015\">\n<dl class=\"list\">\n<dt class=\"list-label\">\u2022<\/dt>\n<dd class=\"list-description\">\n<p id=\"p0010\">Ivermectin is an inhibitor of the COVID-19 causative virus (SARS-CoV-2) <em>in vitro.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/dd>\n<dt class=\"list-label\">\u2022<\/dt>\n<dd class=\"list-description\">\n<p id=\"p0015\">A single treatment able to effect ~5000-fold reduction in virus at 48\u00a0h in cell culture.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n<dt class=\"list-label\">\u2022<\/dt>\n<dd class=\"list-description\">\n<p id=\"p0020\">Ivermectin is FDA-approved for parasitic infections, and therefore has a potential for repurposing.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n<dt class=\"list-label\">\u2022<\/dt>\n<dd class=\"list-description\">\n<p id=\"p0025\">Ivermectin is widely available, due to its inclusion on the WHO model list of essential medicines.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"abs0010\" class=\"abstract author\" lang=\"en\">\n<h2 class=\"section-title u-h3 u-margin-l-top u-margin-xs-bottom\">Abstract<\/h2>\n<div id=\"abssec0010\">\n<p id=\"abspara0010\">Although several clinical trials are now underway to test possible therapies, the worldwide response to the COVID-19 outbreak has been largely limited to monitoring\/containment. We report here that Ivermectin, an FDA-approved anti-parasitic previously shown to have broad-spectrum anti-viral activity <em>in vitro<\/em>, is an inhibitor of the causative virus (SARS-CoV-2), with a single addition to Vero-hSLAM cells 2\u00a0h post infection with SARS-CoV-2 able to effect ~5000-fold reduction in viral RNA at 48\u00a0h. Ivermectin therefore warrants further investigation for possible benefits in humans.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul id=\"issue-navigation\" class=\"issue-navigation u-margin-s-bottom u-bg-grey1\">\n<li class=\"previous move-left u-padding-s-ver u-padding-s-left\"><\/li>\n<li class=\"previous move-left u-padding-s-ver u-padding-s-left\"><a class=\"button-alternative button-alternative-tertiary\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302060\"><span class=\"button-alternative-text\"><strong>Previous <\/strong><span class=\"extra-detail-1\">article<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"next move-right u-padding-s-ver u-padding-s-right\"><a class=\"button-alternative button-alternative-tertiary\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354219304371\"><span class=\"button-alternative-text\"><strong>Next <\/strong><span class=\"extra-detail-1\">article<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"body\" class=\"Body u-font-serif\">\n<div>\n<section id=\"sec1\">\n<h2 id=\"sectitle0020\" class=\"u-h3 u-margin-l-top u-margin-xs-bottom\">1. Introduction<\/h2>\n<p id=\"p0030\">Ivermectin is an FDA-approved broad spectrum anti-parasitic agent (<a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib7\" name=\"bbib7\">Gonzalez Canga et al., 2008<\/a>) that in recent years we, along with other groups, have shown to have anti-viral activity against a broad range of viruses (<a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib9\" name=\"bbib9\">Gotz et al., 2016<\/a>; <a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib15\" name=\"bbib15\">Lundberg et al., 2013<\/a>; <a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib22\" name=\"bbib22\">Tay et al., 2013<\/a>; <a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib26\" name=\"bbib26\">Wagstaff et al., 2012<\/a>) <em>in vitro<\/em>. Originally identified as an inhibitor of interaction between the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) integrase protein (IN) and the importin (IMP) \u03b1\/\u03b21 heterodimer responsible for IN nuclear import (<a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib25\" name=\"bbib25\">Wagstaff et al., 2011<\/a>), Ivermectin has since been confirmed to inhibit IN nuclear import and HIV-1 replication (<a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib26\" name=\"bbib26\">Wagstaff et al., 2012<\/a>). Other actions of ivermectin have been reported (<a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib17\" name=\"bbib17\">Mastrangelo et al., 2012<\/a>), but ivermectin has been shown to inhibit nuclear import of host (eg. (<a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib13\" name=\"bbib13\">Kosyna et al., 2015<\/a>; <a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib24\" name=\"bbib24\">van der Watt et al., 2016<\/a>)) and viral proteins, including simian virus SV40 large tumour antigen (T-ag) and dengue virus (DENV) non-structural protein 5 (<a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib26\" name=\"bbib26\">Wagstaff et al., 2012<\/a>, <a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib25\" name=\"bbib25\">Wagstaff et al., 2011<\/a>). Importantly, it has been demonstrated to limit infection by RNA viruses such as DENV 1-4 (<a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib22\" name=\"bbib22\">Tay et al., 2013<\/a>), West Nile Virus (<a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib31\" name=\"bbib31\">Yang et al., 2020<\/a>), Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) (<a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib15\" name=\"bbib15\">Lundberg et al., 2013<\/a>) and influenza (<a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib9\" name=\"bbib9\">Gotz et al., 2016<\/a>), with this broad spectrum activity believed to be due to the reliance by many different RNA viruses on IMP\u03b1\/\u03b21 during infection (<a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib2\" name=\"bbib2\">Caly et al., 2012<\/a>; <a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib11\" name=\"bbib11\">Jans et al., 2019<\/a>). Ivermectin has similarly been shown to be effective against the DNA virus pseudorabies virus (PRV) both <em>in vitro<\/em> and <em>in vivo<\/em>, with ivermectin treatment shown to increase survival in PRV-infected mice (<a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib16\" name=\"bbib16\">Lv et al., 2018<\/a>). Efficacy was not observed for ivermectin against Zika virus (ZIKV) in mice, but the authors acknowledged that study limitations justified re-evaluation of ivermectin&#8217;s anti-ZIKV activity (<a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib12\" name=\"bbib12\">Ketkar et al., 2019<\/a>). Finally, ivermectin was the focus of a phase III clinical trial in Thailand in 2014\u20132017, against DENV infection, in which a single daily oral dose was observed to be safe and resulted in a significant reduction in serum levels of viral NS1 protein, but no change in viremia or clinical benefit was observed (see below) (<a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib30\" name=\"bbib30\">Yamasmith et al., 2018<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p id=\"p0035\">The causative agent of the current COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, is a single stranded positive sense RNA virus that is closely related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Studies on SARS-CoV proteins have revealed a potential role for IMP\u03b1\/\u03b21 during infection in signal-dependent nucleocytoplasmic shutting of the SARS-CoV Nucleocapsid protein (<a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib21\" name=\"bbib21\">Rowland et al., 2005<\/a>; <a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib23\" name=\"bbib23\">Timani et al., 2005<\/a>; <a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib28\" name=\"bbib28\">Wulan et al., 2015<\/a>), that may impact host cell division (<a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib10\" name=\"bbib10\">Hiscox et al., 2001<\/a>; <a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib29\" name=\"bbib29\">Wurm et al., 2001<\/a>). In addition, the SARS-CoV accessory protein ORF6 has been shown to antagonize the antiviral activity of the STAT1 transcription factor by sequestering IMP\u03b1\/\u03b21 on the rough ER\/Golgi membrane (<a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib6\" name=\"bbib6\">Frieman et al., 2007<\/a>). Taken together, these reports suggested that ivermectin&#8217;s nuclear transport inhibitory activity may be effective against SARS-CoV-2.<\/p>\n<div>\n<p id=\"p0040\">To test the antiviral activity of ivermectin towards SARS-CoV-2, we infected Vero\/hSLAM cells with SARS-CoV-2 isolate Australia\/VIC01\/2020\u00a0at an MOI of 0.1 for 2\u00a0h, followed by the addition of 5\u00a0\u03bcM ivermectin. Supernatant and cell pellets were harvested at days 0\u20133 and analysed by RT-PCR for the replication of SARS-CoV-2 RNA (<a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#fig1\" name=\"bfig1\">Fig. 1<\/a>A\/B). At 24\u00a0h, there was a 93% reduction in viral RNA present in the supernatant (indicative of released virions) of samples treated with ivermectin compared to the vehicle DMSO. Similarly a 99.8% reduction in cell-associated viral RNA (indicative of unreleased and unpackaged virions) was observed with ivermectin treatment. By 48\u00a0h this effect increased to an ~5000-fold reduction of viral RNA in ivermectin-treated compared to control samples, indicating that ivermectin treatment resulted in the effective loss of essentially all viral material by 48\u00a0h. Consistent with this idea, no further reduction in viral RNA was observed at 72\u00a0h. As we have observed previously (<a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib15\" name=\"bbib15\">Lundberg et al., 2013<\/a>; <a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib22\" name=\"bbib22\">Tay et al., 2013<\/a>; <a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib26\" name=\"bbib26\">Wagstaff et al., 2012<\/a>), no toxicity of ivermectin was observed at any of the timepoints tested, in either the sample wells or in parallel tested drug alone samples.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"fig1\" class=\"figure text-xs\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ars.els-cdn.com\/content\/image\/1-s2.0-S0166354220302011-gr1.jpg\" alt=\"Fig. 1\" height=\"1019\" aria-describedby=\"cap0010\" \/><\/p>\n<ol class=\"links-for-figure\">\n<li><a class=\"anchor download-link u-font-sans\" title=\"Download high-res image (720KB)\" href=\"https:\/\/ars.els-cdn.com\/content\/image\/1-s2.0-S0166354220302011-gr1_lrg.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" download=\"\"><span class=\"anchor-text\">Download : <span class=\"download-link-title\">Download high-res image (720KB)<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a class=\"anchor download-link u-font-sans\" title=\"Download full-size image\" href=\"https:\/\/ars.els-cdn.com\/content\/image\/1-s2.0-S0166354220302011-gr1.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" download=\"\"><span class=\"anchor-text\">Download : <span class=\"download-link-title\">Download full-size image<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p id=\"fspara0010\"><span class=\"label\">Fig. 1<\/span>. <strong>Ivermectin is a potent inhibitor of the SARS-CoV-2 clinical isolate Australia\/VIC01\/2020.<\/strong> Vero\/hSLAM cells were in infected with SARS-CoV-2 clinical isolate Australia\/VIC01\/2020 (MOI\u00a0=\u00a00.1) for 2\u00a0h prior to addition of vehicle (DMSO) or Ivermectin at the indicated concentrations. Samples were taken at 0\u20133 days post infection for quantitation of viral load using real-time PCR of cell associated virus (<strong>A<\/strong>) or supernatant (<strong>B<\/strong>). IC<sub>50<\/sub> values were determined in subsequent experiments at 48\u00a0h post infection using the indicated concentrations of Ivermectin (treated at 2\u00a0h post infection as per <strong>A\/B<\/strong>). Triplicate real-time PCR analysis was performed on cell associated virus (<strong>C\/E<\/strong>) or supernatant (<strong>D\/F<\/strong>) using probes against either the SARS-CoV-2 E (<strong>C\/D<\/strong>) or RdRp (<strong>E\/F<\/strong>) genes. Results represent mean\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0SD (n\u00a0=\u00a03). 3 parameter dose response curves were fitted using GraphPad prism to determine IC<sub>50<\/sub> values (indicated). <strong>G.<\/strong> Schematic of ivermectin&#8217;s proposed antiviral action on coronavirus. IMP\u03b1\/\u03b21 binds to the coronavirus cargo protein in the cytoplasm (top) and translocates it through the nuclear pore complex (NPC) into the nucleus where the complex falls apart and the viral cargo can reduce the host cell&#8217;s antiviral response, leading to enhanced infection. Ivermectin binds to and destabilises the Imp\u03b1\/\u03b21 heterodimer thereby preventing Imp\u03b1\/\u03b21 from binding to the viral protein (bottom) and preventing it from entering the nucleus. This likely results in reduced inhibition of the antiviral responses, leading to a normal, more efficient antiviral response.<\/p>\n<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"p0045\">To further determine the effectiveness of ivemectin, cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 were treated with serial dilutions of ivermectin 2\u00a0h post infection and supernatant and cell pellets collected for real-time RT-PCR at 48\u00a0h (<a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#fig1\" name=\"bfig1\">Fig. 1<\/a>C\/D). As above, a &gt;5000 reduction in viral RNA was observed in both supernatant and cell pellets from samples treated with 5\u00a0\u03bcM ivermectin at 48\u00a0h, equating to a 99.98% reduction in viral RNA in these samples. Again, no toxicity was observed with ivermectin at any of the concentrations tested. The IC50 of ivermectin treatment was determined to be ~2\u00a0\u03bcM under these conditions. Underlining the fact that the assay indeed specifically detected SARS-CoV-2, RT-PCR experiments were repeated using primers specific for the viral RdRp gene (<a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#fig1\" name=\"bfig1\">Fig. 1<\/a>E\/F) rather than the E gene (above), with nearly identical results observed for both released (supernatant) and cell-associated virus.<\/p>\n<p id=\"p0050\">Taken together these results demonstrate that ivermectin has antiviral action against the SARS-CoV-2 clinical isolate <em>in vitro<\/em>, with a single dose able to control viral replication within 24\u201348\u00a0h in our system. We hypothesise that this is likely through inhibiting IMP\u03b1\/\u03b21-mediated nuclear import of viral proteins (<a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#fig1\" name=\"bfig1\">Fig. 1<\/a>G), as shown for other RNA viruses (<a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib22\" name=\"bbib22\">Tay et al., 2013<\/a>; <a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib26\" name=\"bbib26\">Wagstaff et al., 2012<\/a>; <a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib31\" name=\"bbib31\">Yang et al., 2020<\/a>); confirmation of this mechanism in the case of SARS-CoV-2, and identification of the specific SARS-CoV-2 and\/or host component(s) impacted (see (<a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib31\" name=\"bbib31\">Yang et al., 2020<\/a>)) is an important focus future work in this laboratory. Ultimately, development of an effective anti-viral for SARS-CoV-2, if given to patients early in infection, could help to limit the viral load, prevent severe disease progression and limit person-person transmission. Benchmarking testing of ivermectin against other potential antivirals for SARS-CoV-2 with alternative mechanisms of action (<a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib4\" name=\"bbib4\">Dong et al., 2020<\/a>; <a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib5\" name=\"bbib5\">Elfiky, 2020<\/a>; <a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib8\" name=\"bbib8\">Gordon et al., 2020<\/a>; <a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib14\" name=\"bbib14\">Li and De Clercq, 2020<\/a>; <a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib27\" name=\"bbib27\">Wang et al., 2020<\/a>) would thus be important as soon as practicable. This Brief Report raises the possibility that ivermectin could be a useful antiviral to limit SARS-CoV-2, in similar fashion to those already reported (<a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib4\" name=\"bbib4\">Dong et al., 2020<\/a>; <a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib5\" name=\"bbib5\">Elfiky, 2020<\/a>; <a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib8\" name=\"bbib8\">Gordon et al., 2020<\/a>; <a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib14\" name=\"bbib14\">Li and De Clercq, 2020<\/a>; <a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib27\" name=\"bbib27\">Wang et al., 2020<\/a>); until one of these is proven to be beneficial in a clinical setting, all should be pursued as rapidly as possible.<\/p>\n<p id=\"p0055\">Ivermectin has an established safety profile for human use (<a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib7\" name=\"bbib7\">Gonzalez Canga et al., 2008<\/a>; <a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib11\" name=\"bbib11\">Jans et al., 2019<\/a>; <a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib1\" name=\"bbib1\">Buonfrate et al., 2019<\/a>), and is FDA-approved for a number of parasitic infections (<a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib7\" name=\"bbib7\">Gonzalez Canga et al., 2008<\/a>; <a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib1\" name=\"bbib1\">Buonfrate et al., 2019<\/a>). Importantly, recent reviews and meta-analysis indicate that high dose ivermectin has comparable safety as the standard low-dose treatment, although there is not enough evidence to make conclusions about the safety profile in pregnancy (<a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib18\" name=\"bbib18\">Navarro et al., 2020<\/a>; <a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib19\" name=\"bbib19\">Nicolas et al., 2020<\/a>). The critical next step in further evaluation for possible benefit in COVID-19 patients will be to examine a multiple addition dosing regimen that mimics the current approved usage of ivermectin in humans. As noted, ivermectin was the focus of a recent phase III clinical trial in dengue patients in Thailand, in which a single daily dose was found to be safe but did not produce any clinical benefit. However, the investigators noted that an improved dosing regimen might be developed, based on pharmacokinetic data (<a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib30\" name=\"bbib30\">Yamasmith et al., 2018<\/a>). Although DENV is clearly very different to SARS-CoV-2, this trial design should inform future work going forward. Altogether the current report, combined with a known-safety profile, demonstrates that ivermectin is worthy of further consideration as a possible SARS-CoV-2 antiviral.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"sec2\">\n<h2 id=\"sectitle0025\" class=\"u-h3 u-margin-l-top u-margin-xs-bottom\">2. Methods<\/h2>\n<section id=\"sec2.1\">\n<h3 id=\"sectitle0030\" class=\"u-h4 u-margin-m-top u-margin-xs-bottom\">2.1. Cell culture, viral infection and drug treatment<\/h3>\n<p id=\"p0060\">Vero\/hSLAM cells (<a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib20\" name=\"bbib20\">Ono et al., 2001<\/a>) were maintained in Earle&#8217;s Minimum Essential Medium (EMEM) containing 7% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) (Bovogen Biologicals, Keilor East, AUS) 2\u00a0mM L-Glutamine, 1\u00a0mM Sodium pyruvate, 1500\u00a0mg\/L sodium bicarbonate, 15\u00a0mM HEPES and 0.4\u00a0mg\/ml geneticin at 37\u00a0\u00b0C, 5% CO<sub>2<\/sub>. Cells were seeded into 12-well tissue culture plates 24\u00a0h prior to infection with SARS-CoV-2 (Australia\/VIC01\/2020 isolate) at an MOI of 0.1 in infection media (as per maintenance media but containing only 2% FBS) for 2\u00a0h. Media containing inoculum was removed and replaced with 1\u00a0mL fresh media (2% FBS) containing Ivermectin at the indicated concentrations or DMSO alone and incubated as indicated for 0\u20133 days. At the appropriate timepoint, cell supernatant was collected and spun for 10\u00a0min\u00a0at 6,000\u00a0g to remove debris and the supernatant transferred to fresh collection tubes. The cell monolayers were collected by scraping and resuspension into 1\u00a0mL fresh media (2% FBS). Toxicity controls were set up in parallel in every experiment on uninfected cells.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"sec2.2\">\n<h3 id=\"sectitle0035\" class=\"u-h4 u-margin-m-top u-margin-xs-bottom\">2.2. Generation of SARS-CoV-2 cDNA<\/h3>\n<p id=\"p0065\">RNA was extracted from 200\u00a0\u03bcL aliquots of sample supernatant or cell suspension using the QIAamp 96 Virus QIAcube HT Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) and eluted in 60\u00a0\u03bcl. Reverse transcription was performed using the BioLine SensiFAST cDNA kit (Bioline, London, United Kingdom), total reaction mixture (20\u00a0\u03bcl), containing 10\u00a0\u03bcL of RNA extract, 4\u00a0\u03bcl of 5x TransAmp buffer, 1\u00a0\u03bcl of Reverse Transcriptase and 5\u00a0\u03bcl of Nuclease free water. The reactions were incubated at 25\u00a0\u00b0C for 10\u00a0min, 42\u00a0\u00b0C for 15\u00a0min and 85\u00a0\u00b0C for 5\u00a0min.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"sec2.3\">\n<h3 id=\"sectitle0040\" class=\"u-h4 u-margin-m-top u-margin-xs-bottom\">2.3. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 using a TaqMan Real-time RT-PCR assay<\/h3>\n<p id=\"p0070\">TaqMan RT-PCR assay were performed using 2.5\u00a0\u03bcl cDNA, 10\u00a0\u03bcl Primer Design PrecisonPLUS qPCR Master Mix 1\u00a0\u03bcM Forward (5\u2032- AAA TTC TAT GGT GGT TGG CAC AAC ATG TT-3\u2032), 1\u00a0\u03bcM Reverse (5\u2032- TAG GCA TAG CTC TRT CAC AYT T-3\u2032) primers and 0.2\u00a0\u03bcM probe (5\u2032-FAM- TGG GTT GGG ATT ATC-MGBNFQ-3\u2032) targeting the BetaCoV RdRp (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) gene or Forward (5\u2032-ACA GGT ACG TTA ATA GTT AAT AGC GT -3\u2032), 1\u00a0\u03bcM Reverse (5\u2032-ATA TTG CAG CAG TAC GCA CAC A-3\u2032) primers and 0.2\u00a0\u03bcM probe (5\u2032-FAM-ACA CTA GCC ATC CTT ACT GCG CTT CG-286 NFQ-3\u2032) targeting the BetaCoV E-gene (<a class=\"workspace-trigger\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bib3\" name=\"bbib3\">Corman et al., 2020<\/a>). Real-time RT-PCR assays were performed on an Applied Biosystems ABI 7500 Fast real-time PCR machine (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) using cycling conditions of 95\u00a0\u00b0C for 2\u00a0min, 95\u00a0\u00b0C for 5\u00a0s, 60\u00a0\u00b0C for 24\u00a0s. SARS-CoV-2 cDNA (Ct~28) was used as a positive control. Calculated Ct values were converted to fold-reduction of treated samples compared to control using the \u0394Ct method (fold changed in viral RNA\u00a0=\u00a02^\u0394Ct) and expressed as % of DMSO alone sample. IC50 values were fitted using 3 parameter dose response curves in GraphPad prism.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"sec3\">\n<h2 id=\"sectitle0045\" class=\"u-h3 u-margin-l-top u-margin-xs-bottom\">Funding<\/h2>\n<p id=\"p0075\">This work was supported by a <span id=\"gs1\">National Breast Cancer Foundation Fellowship, Australia<\/span> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#gs1\">ECF-17-007<\/a>) for KMW and an National Health and Medical Research Council (<span id=\"gs2\">NHMRC), Australia Senior Prinicple Research Fellow (SPRF)<\/span> (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#gs2\">APP1103050<\/a>) for DAJ.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"cebib0010\" class=\"bibliography u-font-serif text-s\">\n<h2 class=\"section-title u-h3 u-margin-l-top u-margin-xs-bottom\">References<\/h2>\n<section id=\"cebibsec0010\" class=\"bibliography-sec\">\n<dl id=\"reference-links-cebibsec0010\" class=\"references\">\n<dt class=\"label\"><a id=\"ref-id-bib1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354220302011#bbib1\" data-aa-button=\"sd:product:journal:article:location=references:type=anchor:name=citation-name\">Buonfrate et al., 2019<\/a><\/dt>\n<dd id=\"sref1\" class=\"reference\">\n<div class=\"contribution\">D. 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(2020), p. 104760<\/div>\n<div class=\"ReferenceLinks u-font-sans\"><a class=\"link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354219307211\" aria-describedby=\"ref-id-sref31\">Article<\/a><\/div>\n<section id=\"cebib0010\" class=\"bibliography u-font-serif text-s\">\n<section id=\"cebibsec0010\" class=\"bibliography-sec\">\n<dl id=\"reference-links-cebibsec0010\" class=\"references\">\n<dd id=\"sref31\" class=\"reference\">\n<div class=\"ReferenceLinks u-font-sans\"><a class=\"anchor pdf link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0166354219307211\/pdfft?md5=1e1c75aae034e1db27ca8dfcc87879d3&amp;pid=1-s2.0-S0166354219307211-main.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\"><span class=\"anchor-text\">Download PDF<\/span><\/a><a class=\"link\" href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?q=The broad spectrum antiviral ivermectin targets the host nuclear transport importin alphabeta1 heterodimer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Google Scholar<\/a><\/div>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"Footnotes\">\n<dl class=\"footnote\">\n<dt class=\"footnote-label\"><\/dt>\n<dd class=\"u-margin-xxl-left\">\n<p id=\"notep0005\">The authors would like readers to be aware of the following letter issued by the FDA titled: \u201cDo Not Use Ivermectin Intended for Animals as Treatment for COVID-19 in Humans\u201d at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/animal-veterinary\/product-safety-information\/fda-letter-stakeholders-do-not-use-ivermectin-intended-animals-treatment-covid-19-humans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/animal-veterinary\/product-safety-information\/fda-letter-stakeholders-do-not-use-ivermectin-intended-animals-treatment-covid-19-humans<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<p><a class=\"anchor abstract-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0166354220302011\"><span class=\"anchor-text\">View Abstract<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"Copyright\"><span class=\"copyright-line\">\u00a9 2020 The Author(s). Published by <span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Elsevier B.V.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The FDA-approved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro Author links open overlay panelLeonCalyaJulian D.DruceaMike G.CattonaDavid A.JansbKylie M.Wagstaffb https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104787Get rights and content Under a Creative Commons license open access Highlights \u2022 Ivermectin is an inhibitor of the COVID-19 causative virus (SARS-CoV-2) in vitro. \u2022 A single treatment able to effect ~5000-fold reduction in &hellip; <\/p>\n<p><a class=\"more-link btn\" href=\"https:\/\/evaggelatos.com\/?p=18720\">\u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[85,10],"tags":[196,90],"class_list":["post-18720","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-85","category-10","tag-196","tag-90","item-wrap"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/evaggelatos.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18720","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/evaggelatos.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/evaggelatos.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/evaggelatos.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/evaggelatos.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=18720"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/evaggelatos.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18720\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18721,"href":"https:\/\/evaggelatos.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18720\/revisions\/18721"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/evaggelatos.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=18720"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/evaggelatos.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=18720"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/evaggelatos.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=18720"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}