{"id":20053,"date":"2021-03-30T13:47:41","date_gmt":"2021-03-30T13:47:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/evaggelatos.com\/?p=20053"},"modified":"2021-04-04T18:00:34","modified_gmt":"2021-04-04T18:00:34","slug":"%cf%80%ce%bf%ce%bb%cf%8d-%ce%ba%ce%b1%ce%bb%ce%bb%ce%af%cf%84%ce%b5%cf%81%ce%b1-%cf%84%ce%b1-%ce%b5%ce%bc%ce%b2%cf%8c%ce%bb%ce%b9%ce%b1-%cf%84%ce%b7%cf%82-sinovac-%cf%80%ce%b1%cf%81%ce%ac-%cf%84%ce%b1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/evaggelatos.com\/?p=20053","title":{"rendered":"\u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03af\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b5\u03bc\u03b2\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 Sinovac \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd mRNA \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 Pfizer\/Biomed \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 Astra Zeneca"},"content":{"rendered":"
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How the Sinovac Vaccine Works<\/h1>\n
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By <\/span>Jonathan Corum<\/a><\/span> and Carl Zimmer<\/a><\/span>

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\u9605\u8bfb\u7b80\u4f53\u4e2d\u6587\u7248<\/a>\u95b1\u8b80\u7e41\u9ad4\u4e2d\u6587\u7248<\/a>Leer en espa\u00f1ol<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/header>\n
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The private Chinese company Sinovac developed a coronavirus vaccine<\/a> called CoronaVac<\/strong>. The vaccine is approved for use in China and authorized for emergency use in more than a dozen other countries. Researchers in Turkey and Brazil found the vaccine has an efficacy of 83.5 percent against Covid-19 infections with one or more symptoms, or just over 50 percent against infections with or without symptoms.<\/p>\n

A Vaccine Made From Coronaviruses<\/span><\/h2>\n

CoronaVac works by teaching the immune system to make antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. The antibodies attach to viral proteins, such as the so-called spike proteins that stud its surface<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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Spikes<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Spike<\/p>\n

protein<\/p>\n

gene<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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CORONAVIRUS<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

To create CoronaVac, the Sinovac researchers started by obtaining samples of the coronavirus from patients in China, Britain, Italy, Spain and Switzerland. One sample from China eventually served as the basis for the vaccine.<\/p>\n

Killing the Virus<\/span><\/h2>\n

The researchers grew large stocks of the coronavirus in monkey kidney cells. Then they doused the viruses with a chemical called beta-propiolactone.<\/span> The compound disabled the coronaviruses by bonding to their genes. The inactivated coronaviruses could no longer replicate<\/span>. But their proteins, including spike, remained intact.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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Beta-<\/p>\n

propiolactone<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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INACTIVATED<\/p>\n

CORONAVIRUS<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Inactivated<\/p>\n

genes<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

The researchers then drew off the inactivated viruses<\/strong><\/span> and mixed them with a tiny amount of an aluminum-based compound called an adjuvant. Adjuvants stimulate the immune system to boost its response to a vaccine.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Inactivated viruses have been used for over a century. Jonas Salk used them to create his polio vaccine<\/a> in the 1950s, and they\u2019re the bases for vaccines against other diseases including rabies<\/a> and hepatitis A<\/a>.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Prompting an Immune Response<\/span><\/h2>\n

Because the coronaviruses in CoronaVac are dead, they can be injected into the arm without causing Covid-19. Once inside the body, some of the inactivated viruses are swallowed up by a type of immune cell called an antigen-presenting cell.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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INACTIVATED<\/p>\n

CORONAVIRUS<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Engulfing<\/p>\n

the virus<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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ANTIGEN-<\/p>\n

PRESENTING<\/p>\n

CELL<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Digesting<\/p>\n

virus proteins<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Presenting<\/p>\n

virus protein<\/p>\n

fragments<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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HELPER<\/p>\n

T CELL<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

The antigen-presenting cell tears the coronavirus apart and displays some of its fragments on its surface. A so-called helper T cell may detect the fragment. If the fragment fits into one of its surface proteins, the T cell becomes activated and can help recruit other immune cells to respond to the vaccine.<\/p>\n

Making Antibodies<\/span><\/h2>\n

Another type of immune cell, called a B cell, may also encounter the inactivated coronavirus. B cells have surface proteins in a huge variety of shapes, and a few might have the right shape to latch onto the coronavirus. When a B cell locks on, it can pull part or all of the virus inside and present coronavirus fragments on its surface.<\/p>\n

A helper T cell activated against the coronavirus can latch onto the same fragment. When that happens, the B cell gets activated, too. It proliferates and pours out antibodies that have the same shape as their surface proteins.<\/p>\n

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ACTIVATED<\/p>\n

HELPER<\/p>\n

T CELL<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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INACTIVATED<\/p>\n

CORONAVIRUS<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Activating<\/p>\n

the B cell<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Matching<\/p>\n

surface proteins<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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B CELL<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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SECRETED<\/p>\n

ANTIBODIES<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Stopping the Virus<\/span><\/h2>\n

Once vaccinated with CoronaVac, the immune system can respond to an infection of live coronaviruses. B cells produce antibodies that stick to the invaders. Antibodies that target the spike protein can prevent the virus from entering cells. Other kinds of antibodies may block the virus by other means.<\/p>\n

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ANTIBODIES<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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LIVE<\/p>\n

VIRUS<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Remembering the Virus<\/span><\/h2>\n

While CoronaVac can offer some protection against Covid-19, no one can yet say how long that protection lasts. It\u2019s possible that the level of antibodies drops over the course of months. But the immune system also contains special cells called memory B cells that might retain information about the coronavirus for years or even decades.<\/p>\n

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Vaccine Timeline<\/span><\/h2>\n

January, 2020<\/strong><\/span> Sinovac begins developing an inactivated vaccine against the coronavirus.<\/p>\n

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Sinovac engineers working with monkey kidney cells.<\/span>Nicolas Asfouri\/Agence France-Presse<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

June<\/strong><\/span> Phase 1\/2 trials on 743 volunteers find no severe adverse effects<\/a>.<\/p>\n

July<\/strong><\/span> Sinovac launches a Phase 3 trial in Brazil, followed by others in Indonesia<\/a> and Turkey<\/a>. Reuters reports<\/a> that the Chinese government gave the Sinovac vaccine emergency approval for limited use.<\/p>\n

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A dose of CoronaVac in Turkey.<\/span>Emrah Gurel\/Associated Press<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

October<\/strong><\/span> Authorities in the eastern Chinese city of Jiaxing announce they are giving CoronaVac<\/a> to people in relatively high-risk jobs, including medical workers, port inspectors and public service personnel.<\/p>\n

Oct. 19<\/strong><\/span> Officials in Brazil say<\/a> that Sinovac is the safest of five vaccines they are testing in Phase 3 trials.<\/p>\n

November<\/strong><\/span> Sinovac publishes<\/a> the details of its Phase 1\/2 trial in a medical journal, showing a comparatively modest production of antibodies. Only a Phase 3 trial will demonstrate if that is enough to protect people from Covid-19.<\/p>\n

Nov. 19<\/strong><\/span> The Brazilian government announces<\/a> that they paused the country\u2019s Sinovac trial the previous month because of an adverse event. The details of the pause were murky, raising suspicions that politics were involved. Two days after the announcement, the trial was allowed to resume<\/a>. The Brazilian trial has recorded enough cases of Covid-19 to let researchers determine Sinovac\u2019s efficacy. They expect to release their results by Dec. 23.<\/p>\n

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Officials in Brazil hold boxes from a shipment of the vaccine.<\/span>Alexandre Schneider\/Getty Images<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n

December<\/strong><\/span> Sinovac says<\/a> it expects to manufacture 300 million doses in 2020 and increase capacity to an annual production of 600 million doses.<\/p>\n

Dec. 23<\/strong><\/span> Brazilian researchers announce that CoronaVac has an efficacy of over 50 percent<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Dec. 24<\/strong><\/span> Turkish officials announce that the vaccine has an efficacy rate of 91.25 percent<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Jan. 7, 2021<\/strong><\/span> Researchers in Brazil announce<\/a> that CoronaVac has an efficacy of 78 percent. None of the vaccinated volunteers in their Phase 3 trial developed severe or moderate cases of Covid-19. But the efficacy estimate was based on the vaccine\u2019s performance in a subgroup of volunteers. The overall efficacy is not formally released.<\/p>\n

Jan. 11<\/strong><\/span> Indonesia<\/a> authorizes the vaccine for emergency use.<\/p>\n

Jan. 13<\/strong><\/span> Researchers in Brazil announce<\/a> that CoronaVac has an overall efficacy of just over 50 percent. Turkey authorizes the vaccine for emergency use.<\/p>\n

Feb. 6<\/strong><\/span> Sinovac announces that China has given CoronaVac conditional approval<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u03a0\u03b7\u03b3\u03ae:https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2020\/health\/sinovac-covid-19-vaccine.html<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

How the Sinovac Vaccine Works By Jonathan Corum and Carl ZimmerUpdated March 22, 2021 \u9605\u8bfb\u7b80\u4f53\u4e2d\u6587\u7248\u95b1\u8b80\u7e41\u9ad4\u4e2d\u6587\u7248Leer en espa\u00f1ol The private Chinese company Sinovac developed a coronavirus vaccine called CoronaVac. The vaccine is approved for use in China and authorized for emergency use in more than a dozen other countries. Researchers in Turkey and Brazil found the … <\/p>\n

\u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[85],"tags":[217,90],"class_list":["post-20053","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-85","tag-217","tag-90","item-wrap"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/evaggelatos.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20053","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/evaggelatos.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/evaggelatos.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/evaggelatos.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/evaggelatos.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=20053"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/evaggelatos.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20053\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20118,"href":"https:\/\/evaggelatos.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20053\/revisions\/20118"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/evaggelatos.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=20053"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/evaggelatos.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=20053"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/evaggelatos.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=20053"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}